Name: 
 

Ch. 17-21 Review


Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

1. 
The Hardy-Weinberg formula is valuable for the calculation of changes in
a.
population size.
b.
speciation.
c.
allele frequencies.
d.
mutation.
e.
dimorphism.
 

2. 
Natural selection
a.
actively combs through a population searching for the best combination of genes.
b.
is a haphazard process based upon chance.
c.
involves differential survival.
d.
involves differential reproduction.
e.
involves both differential survival and differential reproduction.
 

3. 
Which of the following has no part in today's concept of natural selection?
a.
inheritance of acquired characteristics
b.
struggle for existence
c.
inherited variation
d.
overproduction of offspring
e.
survival of the best adapted
 

4. 
A species is composed of
a.
related organisms.
b.
a group of reproductive females.
c.
populations that have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
d.
organisms located in the same habitat.
e.
all males and females in the same geographical range with the same ecological requirements.
 

5. 
If the frequency of expression of a recessive trait in a population is 16 percent, the frequency of the recessive allele would be what percent?
a.
16
b.
25
c.
40
d.
50
e.
67
 

6. 
The effectiveness of geographical barriers in promoting speciation is related to the
a.
size of the barrier.
b.
ability of the organisms to overcome the barrier.
c.
speed at which the barrier forms.
d.
duration of the barrier before it is torn down.
e.
size of the population it separates.
 

7. 
There is no convincing fossil evidence for which of the following?
a.
evolution
b.
extinction
c.
change
d.
catastrophism
e.
uniformitarianism
 

8. 
Systematics assesses diversity through
a.
phylogenetic reconstruction.
b.
taxonomy.
c.
classification.
d.
phylogenetic reconstruction and taxonomy.
e.
phylogenetic reconstruction, taxonomy, and classification.
 

9. 
Which mutations are NOT subject to natural selection?
a.
lethal
b.
physiological
c.
neutral
d.
morphological
e.
beneficial
 

10. 
Which of the following was NOT one of Darwin's observations?
a.
Most individuals have an equal chance to survive and reproduce.
b.
Changes in organisms were gradual and took place over long periods of time.
c.
Members of the same species may exhibit considerable variation.
d.
Some characteristics are heritable and passed on to their offspring.
e.
Some characteristics afford their possessor a better chance of survival.
 

11. 
An insect that exhibits resistance to a pesticide
a.
developed the resistance in response to the pesticide.
b.
mutated when exposed to the pesticide.
c.
inherited genes that made it resistant to the pesticide.
d.
none of these
 

12. 
Scientists have traditionally drawn evolutionary diagrams in the form of
a.
interlocking circles.
b.
pyramids.
c.
a set of parallel lines.
d.
a tree.
e.
nested squares or boxes.
 

13. 
Macroevolution refers to changes in all but which one of the following?
a.
phyla
b.
classes
c.
species
d.
genera
e.
divisions
 

14. 
Which of the following would be a modern example of Lamarckianism?
a.
A strain of houseflies resistant to insecticides emerges.
b.
Squirrels separated by a river are found to be unable to interbreed.
c.
A son is born with a portion of his right index finger missing, the same portion cut off from his father's hand in an accident.
d.
A strain of houseflies resistant to insecticides emerges; and Squirrels separated by a river are found to be unable to interbreed.
e.
A strain of houseflies resistant to insecticides emerges; Squirrels separated by a river are found to be unable to interbreed; and A son is born with a portion of his right index finger missing, the same portion cut off from his father's hand in an accident.
 

15. 
The punctuation model of evolutionary change proposes that most morphological change occurs
a.
gradually but without development of new species.
b.
rapidly but without speciation.
c.
gradually during speciation.
d.
rapidly leading to new species.
 

16. 
Evolution
a.
may be defined as change in frequency of certain genes in a population.
b.
may be used to explain the disappearance of a genetic trait.
c.
occurred in the past, but does not occur today.
d.
is a property of species not other units of life.
e.
may be defined as change in frequency of certain genes in a population, and may be used to explain the disappearance of a genetic trait.
 

17. 
Sympatric speciation occurs
a.
gradually.
b.
rapidly.
c.
in the same homeland.
d.
gradually and in the same homeland.
e.
rapidly and in the same homeland.
 

18. 
Which of the following is NOT a useful indicator of phylogenetic relatedness?
a.
base sequences in DNA
b.
amino acid sequences in a protein
c.
similar ecological requirements
d.
similar embryonic development
e.
morphological divergence
 

19. 
Allopatric speciation requires
a.
gradual evolutionary changes.
b.
geographic isolation.
c.
polyploidy.
d.
adaptive radiation.
 

20. 
Sexual dimorphism has arisen as a result of
a.
stabilizing selection.
b.
kin selection.
c.
sexual selection.
d.
directional selection.
e.
all of these
 

21. 
Darwin's theory of evolution
a.
was the first theory to propose natural selection.
b.
is no longer accepted by biologists.
c.
failed to account for the sources of variability.
d.
did not account for differential survival and reproduction.
e.
was based upon the chances of mutation occurring in a population.
 

22. 
Which of the following will NOT promote speciation?
a.
gamete differences
b.
gene flow
c.
season of fertility
d.
natural selection
e.
genetic drift
 

23. 
The theory of catastrophism
a.
was proposed by Buffon.
b.
indicates that a series of disasters necessitated separate acts of creation to replace species that became extinct.
c.
states that one worldwide disaster led to massive extinction and subsequent replacement by a new creation.
d.
held that after a series of massive extinctions the world was repopulated by the survivors of existing species.
e.
has absolutely no basis in fact because extinctions just happen with no apparent patterns.
 

24. 
The influence of genetic drift on allele frequencies increases as
a.
gene flow increases.
b.
population size decreases.
c.
mutation rate decreases.
d.
the number of heterozygous loci increases.
 

25. 
Members of a population would be least likely to have which of the following in common?
a.
phenotype
b.
morphological traits
c.
genotype
d.
physiological traits
e.
behavioral traits
 

26. 
The sharp reduction of the gene pool and the numbers of a population through a severe epidemic is an example of
a.
natural selection.
b.
genetic isolation.
c.
the bottleneck effect.
d.
the founder principle.
e.
all of these
 

27. 
The convergence in external morphology of sharks, penguins, and porpoises is attributed to
a.
reduced genetic variability in these groups.
b.
selection pressures that are common to these groups.
c.
reproductive isolation of these groups.
d.
identical genes in all three groups.
e.
use and disuse of the limbs.
 

28. 
Which of the following statements is false?
a.
Neutral mutations are not expressed.
b.
The effect of mutation is based upon the environment where it is found.
c.
Mutations are random but their frequency can be predicted.
d.
Mutations are more likely to be harmful because they represent a difference from alleles that have stood the test of years of selection.
e.
Some harmful genes may build up in a population because of their location close to a favorable gene on a chromosome.
 

29. 
The forelimbs of early mammals were similar in all features except
a.
embryonic origin.
b.
position on the body.
c.
number.
d.
function.
e.
composition.
 

30. 
New alleles arise by
a.
mutation.
b.
migration.
c.
genetic drift.
d.
random mating.
e.
independent assortment.
 

31. 
The wings of a bird and the wings of a butterfly are __________ and show morphological __________.
a.
homologous; convergence
b.
analogous; convergence
c.
homologous; divergence
d.
analogous; divergence
 

32. 
Which of the following statements is true?
a.
Many fossils have not been discovered, whereas others may have been destroyed.
b.
Some types of organisms are more likely to be preserved than others.
c.
Some environments are more conducive to preserving.
d.
Many fossils have not been discovered, whereas others may have been destroyed; and Some types of organisms are more likely to be preserved than others.
e.
Many fossils have not been discovered, whereas others may have been destroyed; Some types of organisms are more likely to be preserved than others; and Some environments are more conducive to preserving.
 

33. 
In a cladogram,
a.
the axis can be considered to be a time line.
b.
features found in only one of the ingroups are very useful in establishing relationships.
c.
the higher the position of a group on the cladogram, the more distant is the most recent common ancestor.
d.
the lower in a cladogram a group is, the more derived features they have in common.
e.
all of these
 

34. 
The concept of natural selection is still considered a theory because
a.
it is only one man's idea.
b.
creationism is now co-equal with it.
c.
it is still subject to revision.
d.
there is so little proof for it.
e.
all of these
 

35. 
Which statement is NOT true?
a.
Migration leads to genetic variation.
b.
Dominant genes always occur more frequently in a population than recessive genes.
c.
Nonrandom mating may result in changes in gene frequency.
d.
The Hardy-Weinberg law applies to large, stable populations.
e.
Crossing over increases variation.
 

36. 
The primary reason for hybrid sterility is
a.
the inability of the hybrid to attract a mate.
b.
the difficulty in finding a suitable habitat in which to survive.
c.
that the hybrids are usually weak and have difficulty surviving to reproductive maturity.
d.
the difficulty in the pairing of homologous chromosomes.
e.
the inability of the hybrid to develop an appropriate courtship pattern.
 

37. 
Whether a mutation is ultimately considered harmful, neutral, or lethal is often determined by
a.
phenotype.
b.
the will of the individual.
c.
the Hardy-Weinberg formula.
d.
environment.
e.
fate.
 

38. 
According to Lamarck, the characteristics of organisms changed because of
a.
chance.
b.
an innate drive for perfection.
c.
extinction of competitors.
d.
special acts of creation.
e.
genetic mutation.
 

39. 
In an unchanging environment, selection in a well-adapted population is
a.
directional.
b.
disruptive.
c.
stabilizing.
d.
absent.
 

40. 
The oldest fossils
a.
demonstrate the widest distribution.
b.
represent the most highly evolved plants and animals.
c.
are found buried deepest in the ground.
d.
are found in Africa.
e.
are primitive marine vertebrates.
 

41. 
Fossil evidence of the earliest living organisms now dates back
a.
570 million years.
b.
1.4 billion years.
c.
about 3.8 billion years.
d.
more than 5 billion years.
e.
to 4004 b.c.
 

42. 
The primitive atmosphere did NOT contain
a.
water vapor.
b.
free nitrogen.
c.
free hydrogen.
d.
free oxygen.
e.
inert gases.
 

43. 
Organic compounds break down spontaneously in the presence of __________; hence, life probably never would have emerged if the ancient atmosphere had been the same as the present one.
a.
carbon dioxide
b.
hydrogen
c.
oxygen
d.
nitrogen
e.
silica
 

44. 
The most likely molecules to serve as a replacement for clay as a template for protein synthesis are
a.
coenzymes.
b.
RNA.
c.
DNA.
d.
other proteins.
e.
complex carbohydrates.
 

45. 
The earliest organisms were probably unicellular
a.
autotrophs.
b.
aerobes.
c.
heterotrophs.
d.
eukaryotes.
 



 
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