Multiple
Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
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1.
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Recent studies in humans have
shown there is a close relationship between poor nutrition and poor learning ability. These studies
suggest that a. | there is only a minor genetic component to learned
behavior. | b. | behavior is modified by the environment. | c. | learning is adaptive. | d. | learning is
instinctive. | | |
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2.
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Instinctive behavior
is a. | stereotyped. | b. | unlearned. | c. | induced each and every time the stimulus is presented. | d. | triggered by limited sets of clues. | e. | all of these | | |
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3.
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The principal difference
between classical Pavlovian conditioning and operant conditioning is a. | that one uses a reinforcing stimulus and the other does not. | b. | that one presents the reinforcing stimulus before the response and the other one
after. | c. | that one uses a bell as a reinforcing stimulus and the other one uses
an instrument. | d. | that a satiety center is involved in one and an aggression center in
the other. | e. | all of these | | |
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4.
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A cat explores all the rooms of
a new home even though such exploration is NOT rewarded. Later, when the cat begins to feel chilled,
it goes directly to the warmest room. This is an example of a. | classical conditioning. | b. | echolocation. | c. | latent learning. | d. | imprinting. | e. | all of these | | |
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5.
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Imprinting is
a a. | response to a stimulus. | b. | learned behavior that occurs during a
critical time period. | c. | fixed action
potential. | d. | decline in the level of a response to a nonthreatening
stimulus. | | |
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6.
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Which of the following is
initiated before birth or hatching? a. | imprinting | b. | habituation | c. | classic
conditioning | d. | operant conditioning | e. | none of these | | |
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7.
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Studies of __________ in young
animals could lend support for arguments that human parents and babies need to spend as much time
together as possible. a. | conditioning | b. | imprinting | c. | habituation | d. | insight learning | e. | latent learning | | |
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8.
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Which of the following is
false? a. | Imprinting can be learned only during a limited time
span. | b. | Bird song can be learned only during a limited time
span. | c. | For a bird to be able to sing the song of its species, it must have
heard it. | d. | Instinctive behavior has adaptive value. | e. | In explaining a behavioral trait, it is better to use an approach based upon a species
benefiting rather than an individual benefiting. | | |
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9.
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Bird song a. | has to be heard before a bird can sing it. | b. | is learned during early life. | c. | is specific for each bird species. | d. | has a genetic component. | e. | all of these | | |
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10.
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Which of the following
statements is false? a. | Territorial pairs of ravens feed
silently. | b. | Single nonterritorial ravens proclaim the discovery of a food
source. | c. | Sexual selection through competition for mates leads to evolutionary
change. | d. | Reproductive success is based upon the same criteria for both
sexes. | e. | Males that do not have territorial or sexual status sometimes employ
strategies that allow them to mate. | | |
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11.
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During aggressive encounters
between members of the same species, a. | the strong members are always
victorious. | b. | the invader into a territory is able to replace the current resident
of the territory unless he has already mated. | c. | opponents usually settle the dispute without bloodshed. | d. | a fight to the death occurs, with the one higher in the pecking order being successful
more often. | | |
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12.
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Pheromones are a. | used in nonverbal communication. | b. | found only in the invertebrates. | c. | signals to members of other species. | d. | types of internal hormones that control maturation. | | |
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13.
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Pheromones are advantageous
because a. | they work in the dark. | b. | they are often unique to individual species. | c. | only small amounts are needed. | d. | they do not trigger a response in other species. | e. | all of these | | |
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14.
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A termite that intercepts the
scent of an ant is called a. | an illegitimate
receiver. | b. | an exploiter. | c. | an illegitimate signaler. | d. | smart. | | |
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15.
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Communication by means of
visual signals has a minimum requirement of a. | daylight. | b. | short distance. | c. | a clear line of
sight. | d. | keen eyesight. | e. | sharp hearing. | | |
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16.
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The communication signal
requiring the most minimal distance between the sender and receiver animals is a. | visual. | b. | chemical. | c. | acoustical. | d. | tactile. | | |
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17.
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The example used to demonstrate
that competitive interactions lead to the formation of dominance hierarchies
involved a. | albatrosses. | b. | a honeybee colony. | c. | baboon troops. | d. | greylag geese. | e. | all of these | | |
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18.
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Whatever the motivation of
self-sacrificing behavior on the part of nonhuman animals is, we know it is NOT a. | genetic. | b. | the result of
selection. | c. | derived from conscious reasoning. | d. | a result of dominance hierarchy. | | |
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19.
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Parental support of offspring
is an example of a. | artificial selection. | b. | kin selection. | c. | natural
selection. | d. | negative selection. | e. | stabilizing selection. | | |
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20.
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Researchers attempt to explain
the persistence of altruism by the theory of a. | self-sacrificing
behavior. | b. | dominance hierarchy. | c. | social behavior. | d. | indirect
selection. | | |
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21.
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Which of the following
statements is false? a. | Humans may exhibit altruistic
behavior. | b. | Social life may increase the risk for disease and
competition. | c. | Social species are more highly evolved. | d. | In some social communities sterility is an advantage, so natural selection can act to
favor sterility. | e. | Indirect selection is based upon altruism,
which in its extreme expression may lead to sterility. | | |
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22.
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Only in judging human behaviors
does the concept of "__________" supplant "adaptation." a. | self-sacrifice | b. | altruism | c. | judgment | d. | morality | | |
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Matching
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Choose the one most appropriate
answer for each. Some letters may not be used. a. | studied territorial feeding in
ravens | b. | imprintings in gosling | c. | capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time
encounters to key stimuli | d. | problem solving without
trial-and-error | e. | an adaptive change in
behavior | f. | conditioned reflexes and associative
learning | g. | communal display ground | h. | occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment
becomes fixed on a particular moving object | i. | self-sacrificing behavior | | |
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23.
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altruism
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24.
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insight
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25.
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instinctive
behavior
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26.
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imprinting
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27.
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learning
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28.
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Pavlov
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