Ch. 33-37 Review

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Ch. 33-37 Review

Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The major function of a receptor is to

a.	control the autonomic functions of the body.
b.	stabilize the internal environment to achieve homeostasis.
c.	produce responses to the various stimuli the body receives.
d.	give organisms awareness and sensitivity to their environment.

Which gland promotes the body's immune response as its primary function?

a.	pineal
b.	thymus
c.	thyroid
d.	gonads
e.	adrenal

Differences in intensity of a stimulus

a.	do not affect the impulse transmitted.
b.	are indicated by the number of nerves activated.
c.	control the part of the brain that receives the stimulus.
d.	are encoded in the frequency of action potentials on a single axon.
e.	are indicated by the number of nerves activated and are encoded in the frequency of action potentials on a single axon.

How many semicircular canals are in each organ of balance?

a.	2
b.	3
c.	4
d.	5
e.	more than 6

The center for balance and coordination is the

a.	cerebrum.
b.	pons.
c.	cerebellum.
d.	thalamus.
e.	hypothalamus.

Smooth muscles are

a.	striated and voluntary.
b.	isolated, spindle-shaped cells.
c.	found in the walls of hollow structures such as blood vessels and the stomach.
d.	involuntary and nonstriated.
e.	all except "striated and voluntary."

Before another action potential "spike" can occur

a.	there must be a very brief restoration of the resting conditions in the membrane.
b.	the membrane voltage must drop to zero.
c.	the sodium-potassium pump must cease temporarily.
d.	all of the membrane gates must be closed at the same time.

Neurons and other cells that produce action potentials are said to show

a.	polarity.
b.	saltatory conduction.
c.	excitability.
d.	capacitance.
e.	voltage.

Which is the predominant second messenger involved in regulating glucose metabolism?

a.	insulin
b.	glucagon
c.	adenyl cyclase
d.	cAMP
e.	all of these

10.

The gray matter of the brain is associated with the

a.	cerebral cortex.
b.	pons.
c.	optic chiasma.
d.	corpus callosum.
e.	thalamus.

11.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

a.	Tissues are composed of cells with similar structures but different functions.
b.	There are four major types of tissues found in animals.
c.	Tissues exhibit division of labor.
d.	Tissues are organized to form organs.
e.	All of these are true.

12.

For sodium to accumulate rapidly in a neuron,

a.	a stimulus above the threshold must open sodium gates in an accelerating manner.
b.	the wave of repolarization must occur to reestablish a resting potential.
c.	there must be a dramatic increase in the negative charge of the cytoplasm.
d.	a voltage surge must cause the sodium gates to close.
e.	the potassium gates must open first.

13.

A deterioration in the myelin sheaths of motor axons to the lower leg would be expected to

a.	remove the restraints to ion movement and speed up impulse transmission.
b.	cause immobility of the leg due to cessation of impulses to leg muscles.
c.	slow the rate of transmission and cause lack of motor control.
d.	have little effect because the sheaths are for insulation only.

14.

Water-soluble hormones

a.	must be transported by specific carriers in the blood.
b.	have no trouble entering the target cells.
c.	find and react with the surface receptor molecules.
d.	sometimes elicit the production of a second messenger.
e.	all except "have no trouble entering the target cells" are true

15.

Which of the following involves a positive feedback stimulation?

a.	temperature control
b.	sexual stimulation
c.	glucose concentration
d.	absorption of toxins
e.	muscle contraction

16.

If you microscopically examined a slide and observed a single layer of closely packed cells with microvilli on the free or open side and a basement membrane underlying the sheet of cells, you would expect this to be a slide of

a.	adipose tissue.
b.	dense regular connective tissue.
c.	epithelial tissue.
d.	muscle tissue.
e.	cartilage.

17.

Which of the following is the more advanced nervous system?

a.	a diffuse system with scattered nerves
b.	a bilaterally symmetrical system
c.	a radially symmetrical system
d.	paired nerves, paired sensory structures, and paired brain centers
e.	a nerve net

18.

In the knee-jerk reflex arc, the synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron occurs where?

a.	in the brain
b.	between the receptor and the spinal cord
c.	within the muscle of the leg
d.	within the spinal cord
e.	in the nerve leading to the spinal cord

19.

In contrast to eyes, the eyespots of most invertebrates cannot

a.	detect light.
b.	distinguish darkness from daylight.
c.	form distinct images.
d.	discern shadows.
e.	possess photoreceptors.

20.

The occurrence of an action potential can best be compared to a

a.	switch to turn a lamp on and off.
b.	volume control on a stereo.
c.	door to the classroom.
d.	room light dimmer switch.

21.

Which system produces blood cells?

a.	endocrine
b.	skeletal
c.	muscular
d.	defense
e.	integumentary

22.

The part of the brain that shows the greatest proportional increase in size from the lower vertebrates to humans is the increase in the

a.	cerebellum.
b.	cerebrum.
c.	medulla oblongata.
d.	hypothalamus.

23.

Which of the following statements concerning the peripheral nervous system is false?

a.	Spinal nerves lead to and from the spinal cord.
b.	There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
c.	Cranial nerves lead from the brain directly to the spinal cord.
d.	Some nerves carry only sensory information.
e.	Some nerves are both sensory and motor.

24.

To produce a split-brain individual, an operation would need to cut the

a.	corpus callosum.
b.	reticular formation.
c.	hypothalamus.
d.	fissure of Rolando.
e.	pons.

25.

The luteinizing hormone

a.	stimulates ovulation.
b.	has no function in males.
c.	is produced by the corpus luteum.
d.	stimulates milk production.
e.	promotes sperm formation.

26.

Which system is involved with heat production?

a.	endocrine system
b.	nervous system
c.	muscular system
d.	respiratory system
e.	skeletal system

27.

The white protective fibrous tissue of the eye, often called the white of the eye, is the

a.	lens.
b.	sclera.
c.	pupil.
d.	iris.
e.	retina.

28.

Movable bones are features of the sense organs associated with

a.	sight.
b.	hearing.
c.	taste.
d.	smell.
e.	touch.

29.

Which of the following statements is true?

a.	Although hormones are carried to all parts of the body, they produce effects only in cells with proper receptors.
b.	Hormones are limited to steroid compounds.
c.	Hormones are secreted by specialized exocrine glands.
d.	Most hormones are controlled by positive feedback mechanisms involving the pituitary gland.

30.

The movement of potassium into the neuron when it is at rest is a result of

a.	diffusion leakage.
b.	the presence of some open potassium channels.
c.	the attraction of the positively charged potassium ions by the negatively charged interior of the neuron.
d.	both diffusion leakage and the presence of some open potassium channels.
e.	both the presence of some open potassium channels and the attraction of the positively charged potassium ions by the negatively charged interior of the neuron.

31.

The adrenal medulla produces

a.	mineralocorticoids.
b.	epinephrine.
c.	cortisol.
d.	testosterone.
e.	glucocorticoids.

32.

Which of the following occurs first during an action potential?

a.	Many sodium ions flow into the neuron.
b.	Voltage-gated sodium channels open.
c.	A local disturbance triggers the resting voltage to exceed the threshold level.
d.	The interior of the neuron becomes positive.
e.	The interior of the neuron becomes negative.

33.

The sequence of a simple reaction to a stimulus is

a.	sense organ, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector.
b.	sense organ, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector.
c.	sense organ, motor neuron, sensory neuron, interneuron, effector.
d.	sense organ, motor neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron, effector.

34.

Functionally speaking, a nerve impulse is

a.	a flow of electrons along the outside of the plasma membrane of a neuron.
b.	the movement of cytoplasmic elements through the core of the neuron.
c.	a series of changes in membrane potentials.
d.	a lengthening and shortening of the membrane extensions of a neuron.

35.

The knee-jerk reflex used by physicians to check nerve response is based on

a.	muscle spindles.
b.	stretch receptors.
c.	spinal cord synapses.
d.	muscle spindles and stretch receptors, only.
e.	muscle spindles, stretch receptors, and spinal cord synapses.

36.

During the "fight-flight" response, which of the following would be in use?

a.	sympathetic nervous system
b.	parasympathetic nervous system
c.	epinephrine
d.	sympathetic nervous system and epinephrine
e.	parasympathetic nervous system and epinephrine

37.

The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for

a.	music.
b.	artistic ability.
c.	spatial relationships.
d.	language skills.
e.	abstract abilities.

38.

If its cells are striated and fused at the ends by intercalated disks so that the cells contract as a unit, the tissue is

a.	smooth muscle.
b.	dense fibrous connective.
c.	supportive connective.
d.	cardiac muscle.

39.

Cartilage is found

a.	in the nose.
b.	in the embryonic skeleton.
c.	in the external ear.
d.	between vertebrae.
e.	all of these

40.

The pituitary gland is controlled by the

a.	pons.
b.	corpus callosum.
c.	medulla oblongata.
d.	thalamus.
e.	hypothalamus.

41.

Which of the these is NOT connective tissue?

a.	cartilage
b.	blood
c.	bone
d.	fat
e.	outer layer of skin

42.

By definition, a "nerve" is

a.	a bundle of axons.
b.	a single extension of a neuron.
c.	the same as a neuron within the central nervous system.
d.	a dendrite.
e.	a fiber more than 10 inches in length.

43.

Muscle cells are produced by

a.	the ectoderm.
b.	the endoderm.
c.	the mesoderm.
d.	the ectoderm and endoderm.
e.	all of the germ layers.

44.

Which element is found in greatest abundance in bone?

a.	potassium
b.	fluorine
c.	calcium
d.	iron
e.	phosphorus

45.

The center of consciousness and intelligence is the

a.	medulla oblongata.
b.	thalamus.
c.	pons.
d.	cerebellum.
e.	cerebrum.

46.

The antidiuretic hormone

a.	controls water balance.
b.	controls the concentration of urea in the urine.
c.	influences blood pressure.
d.	changes the permeability of the urine-conducting tubules so that the interstitial fluid increases.
e.	all of these

47.

Dwarfism may be due to insufficient production of

a.	mineralocorticoid.
b.	glucocorticoid.
c.	calcitonin.
d.	somatotropin.
e.	the parathyroid hormone.

48.

Which of the following statements is true?

a.	Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems send nerves to all organs.
b.	The sympathetic nervous system that supplies an organ will also provide parasympathetic nerves to it.
c.	Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic have either excitatory or inhibitory effects.
d.	The sympathetic branch of the sympathetic system usually speeds up the activities of the body.
e.	The parasympathetic system usually speeds up the activities of the body.

49.

Blood glucose levels are regulated by

a.	insulin.
b.	glucagon.
c.	cortisol.
d.	insulin and glucagon only.
e.	insulin, glucagon, and cortisol.

50.

An action potential is brought about by

a.	a sudden membrane impermeability.
b.	the movement of negatively charged proteins through the neuronal membrane.
c.	the movement of lipoproteins to the outer membrane.
d.	a local change in membrane permeability caused by a greater-than-threshold stimulus.
e.	all of these